Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking: part II: lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications.

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Motor patterns in human walking and running. (2006, result): “Nevertheless, our averaged records (the major peak of activity around lift-off) are consistent with those reported in the literature (Andersson et al. 1997; Rab 1994) and obtained using a simulated biomechanical model of bipedal stepping (Zajac et al. 2003).”
OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement (2007, background): “Although the value of dynamic simulations of movement is broadly recognized [2-8], the field is fragmented.”
Compliant leg behaviour explains basic dynamics of walking and running (2006, methodology): “The bipedal spring–mass model is a very simple model of legged locomotion, which in contrast to more complex representations (Pandy 2003; Zajac et al. 2003) includes only two essential features: bipedalism and leg compliance .”
The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics. (2008, background): “However, in late stance, their activity increased significantly with speed, which is consistent with their function to provide the majority of forward propulsion and swing initiation [2,3,5].”
Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements. (2007, methodology): “Usually, the analysis is based on forward dynamics solutions obtained through data tracking or by optimal control (Anderson and Pandy, 2003; Neptune et al., 2001; Zajac et al., 2003).”