Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system

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Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations (2008, background): “The observed trend in surface temperature can result from models with different aerosol forcing (Schwartz 2007).”
On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications (2010, background): “These tests are based on the response to sequences of volcanic eruptions (Lindzen and 522 Giannitsis, 1998), on the vertical structure of observed versus modeled temperature increase 523 (Lindzen, 2007; Douglass, 2007), on ocean heating (Schwartz, 2007; Schwartz, 2008), and on 524 satellite observat”
Comment on ''Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system'' by S. E. Schwartz (2008, methodology): “a Simulation of 20th Century Annual Global Mean Temperature Change Using the Analysis Method of Schwartz [2007]”
NAO implicated as a predictor of Northern Hemisphere mean temperature multidecadal variability (2013, unknown): “…response of NHT to interannual NAO variability, C is the estimated effective heat capacity of climate system, in the range of 13 to 35 W yr m –2 K –1 [ Knutti et al. , 2008] and linear damping coefficient β is estimated in the range from 0.6 to 1.2 K (W m –2 ) –1 [ Knutti and Hegerl 2008].”
Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing (2009, background): “Models predict lags of0- 20 years due to the thermal inertia of the climate system [Rind et al., 1999; Schwartz, 2007].”