Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics: compelling opportunism, compelling opportunity.

By J. Fisher, S. Meroueh, S. Mobashery. Chemical Reviews, 2005

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Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome (2012, background): “On the other hand, substantial inactivation (22–62% of strains) was seen for ß-lactams (the penicillins ampicillin, piperacillin and the cephalosporin cephalexin), which is primarily caused by the hydrolysis of ß-lactam ring by ß-lactamases (Table 1) [34].”
Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Purification, Properties and use as Biopreservatives (2007, background): “So, the continue development of new classes of antimicrobial agents has become of increasing importance for medicine (Kumar and Schweiser, 2005; Fisher et al, 2005).”
The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity (2007, background): “Many bacteria encode β-lactamases, enzymes that can hydrolytically inactivate β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and cephalosporin”
Three Decades of β-Lactamase Inhibitors (2010, background): “91 Å resolution (PDB 1N9B), compared to SHV-1, showed a displacement in the b3 -strand containing residues 238 to 242 which created an expanded -lactam binding site but preserved the positioning of the essential catalytic residues (124, 298).”