Human Development

By R. Jolly. Nature, 2018

1,141 citations recorded by the source corpus.

This pamphlet gives a summary of the UN "Human Development Report, 1992" for developed countries in general and developing countries in general. Each country's ranking in the Human Development Index, 1992, is given. Scores range from 0.05 to 1.0, and are based on longevity, knowledge, and income. The Philippines' score of 0.6 ranks them 80th out of 160 countries. Global distribution of income is reported as 20% of the richest receiving 82.7% of the total world income while the poorest 20% receive only 1.4%. The second highest 20% receive 11.7% of the total world income; the middle 20% receive 2.3%; the second to the poorest 20% receive 1.9%. Developing countries have demonstrated progress in increased life expectancy, which in 26 developing countries is over 70 years. The average is 63 years. 66% have access to health services. Access to safe drinking water has improved considerably. Public expenditures on health as a proportion of gross national product have increased substantially. Adult literacy improved by over 33% since 1970. Almost 75% of children are enrolled in schools. Earnings, social security benefits, child mortality, immunization, and gaps between men and women in primary education have all improved in developing countries. The findings on deprivation still show 14 million child deaths annually, 1.5 billion people without access to health services, 1.3 billion without access to safe drinking water, and 2.3 billion people without access to sanitation. Almost 1 billion adults (600 million women) are illiterate. 1.2 billion people still live in absolute poverty where survival is threatened. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 1 in 40 adults and almost 1 million children are HIV infected. In developed countries 1 in 3 adults smokes, 5 in every 1000 are seriously injured in auto accidents, 33% of adults have not completed secondary education, the ratio of teachers to soldiers is 100:97, 30 million are unemployed in OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is very wide, 1 in every 500 is in jail, homicide and divorce rates are high, and environmental pollution is a major concern.

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Citations in the corpus

Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and Household Income (2019, methodology): “To compute Fi we adopt a strategy similar to Alkire and Santos (2010), Dotter and Klasen (2014) and Jahan et al. (2015) for the computation of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).”
Transitions in pathways of human development and carbon emissions (2013, background): “Thus transitions should not seek necessarily to emulate specific high performers such as Costa Rica, or world average performance (Costa et al 2011), these being largely inaccessible and of unclear significance to most countries; rather they may take account of the diverse conditions under which…”
On the Methodological Framework of Composite Indices: A Review of the Issues of Weighting, Aggregation, and Robustness (2018, background): “Having received paramount criticism (Desai 1991; Sagar and Najam 1998; Chowdhury and Squire 2006; Ray 2008; Davies 2009), the developers of the HDI switched the aggregation function from linear to geometric in 2010, addressing one of their main methodological criticisms.”
Cross-Cultural Code-Switching: The Psychological Challenges of Adapting Behavior in Foreign Cultural Interactions (2007, background): “Through socialization in a particular cultural setting, individuals internalize norms for appropriate behavior in specific interactions (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2003; Cialdini & Trost, 1998; Craig, 1996; Hetherington & Baltes, 1988).”
A Longitudinal Study of Negative Life Events, Stress, and School Experiences of Gifted Youth (2009, background): “Stressful events may actually contribute to positive personality development (Craig, 1996), and resilience can be found in the midst of family disruption (e.”
The Retirement Experiences of Elite Female Gymnasts: Self Identity and the Physical Self (2008, background): “The ability to form and maintain interpersonal relationships is a major developmental task associated with adolescence and seems to be crucial in the development of the female identity (Gilligan, 1993; Rice, 2001).”
On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research: Insights from a Second‐Order Meta‐analysis (2001, background): “One potential line of research might investigate whether age, life span, or developmental stages (e.g., Craig 1999; Feldman 1997) influence the effect size differences and similarities observed for college student subjects and nonstudent subjects.”
The Making of the Millennium Development Goals: Human Development Meets Results-Based Management in an Imperfect World (2007, background): “1 To explore the vast literature on human development see Alkire (2002), Clark (2002), Fukuda-Parr and Kumar (2003), Haq (1995), Streeten (1995), Nussbaum (2000) and Qizilbash (2006), inter alia.”
The silence of the library: environment, situational norm, and social behavior. (2003, background): “Insights into human development suggest that these norms evolve in a stepwise manner (Craig, 1996; Hetherington & Baltes, 1988).”