Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO2—water based nanofluids

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Experimental study on thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (2015, methodology): “[14] determined thermal conductivity of TiO2/water nanofluid by using a transient hot-wire apparatus.”
Preparation and characterization of copper oxide nanofluid for heat transfer applications (2014, background): “Liu et al. (2006) and Murshed et al. (2005) showed the thermal conductivity enhancement of CuO nanofluid and titanium dioxide nanofluid, respectively.”
Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid Laminar Convective Heat Transfer through a Circular Tube (2007, background): “Since theoretical models such as those of Maxwell and Hamilton-Crosser [ 8-20 ] cannot determine thermal conductivity of nanofluids exactly, it is necessary to study thermal conductivity enhancement mechanisms for these fluids.”
Recent Advances in Heat Transfer Enhancements: A Review Report (2010, background): “[133] by about 17% for a 5% particle volumetric concentration.”
Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids (2012, neutral): “having different contents including heat transfer enhancement [5–7], thermal conductivity measurement [8–10], thermal conductivity enhancement [11–21], effective thermal conductivity [22– 28], thermal conductivity of suspensions [29–31], thermal properties enhancement [32], thermal transport [33], t”