Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid Laminar Convective Heat Transfer through a Circular Tube

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Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase numerical simulation of nanofluid laminar forced convection in a microchannel (2011, result): “The increase in heat transfer rate with a decrease in particle size was also reported by other researchers (Heris et al., 2007; Mirmasoumi and Behzadmehr, 2008b; Anoop et al., 2009; Akbarinia and Laur, 2009).”
Numerical study of mixed convection in an inclined two sided lid driven cavity filled with nanofluid using two-phase mixture model (2011, methodology): “To partially overcome this difficulty, some researchers have used thedispersionmodelwhich takes into account the improvement of heat transfer due to the randommovement of particles in themain flow [21–23].”
Convective heat transfer of nanofluid in a wavy channel: Buongiorno's mathematical model (2016, background): “In particular, large particles in the fluid quickly settle out of suspension and passing through micro channels cause severe blockage and increase the pressure considerably [21].”