Unravelling the structural and mechanistic basis of CRISPR–Cas systems

By J. van der Oost, E. Westra, Ryan N. Jackson, B. Wiedenheft. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014

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Bacteria and archaea have evolved sophisticated adaptive immune systems, known as CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins) systems, which target and inactivate invading viruses and plasmids. Immunity is acquired by integrating short fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR loci, and following transcription and processing of these loci, the CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) guide the Cas proteins to complementary invading nucleic acid, which results in target interference. In this Review, we summarize the recent structural and biochemical insights that have been gained for the three major types of CRISPR–Cas systems, which together provide a detailed molecular understanding of the unique and conserved mechanisms of RNA-guided adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea.

Subfields: Epidemiology, Insect Science, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3bd9bdcbc3477cd09619c6e6ddbdbd6c8285055f

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Citations in the corpus

Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems (2016, background): “epidermidis Csm system apparently involves crRNA- or protein-based recognition of the repeats in the CRISPR locus, resulting in “self-inactivation” [117, 118].”
CRISPR-Cas12a: Functional overview and applications (2020, background): “1), each step needs specific Cas proteins encoded by the cas genes near the CRISPR array, together with other accessory proteins [2,28,29].”
RNA virus interference via CRISPR/Cas13a system in plants (2017, background): “CRISPR/Cas-mediated immunity mechanism involves three steps: adaptation (during which spacers are acquired from the invader genome); processing and biogenesis of CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs); and molecular interference against the invader’s genome [4, 5].”
Conformational control of DNA target cleavage by CRISPR–Cas9 (2015, background): “Additional experimental support for dependence of RuvC nuclease activity on HNH conformational changes a, Panel of DNA substrates tested in b, with on-target (1) at top.”
The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward. (2018, neutral): “…in inactive and active nu-cleic-acid-bound states, together with numerous biochemical studies, have substantially contributed to our understanding of the interference mechanism in type II systems and are the subject of several in-depth reviews (Jiang and Doudna, 2017; van der Oost et al., 2014).”
Transcriptome engineering with RNA-targeting Type VI-D CRISPR effectors (2018, neutral): “Cas enzymes are found in nearly all archaea and in approximately half of bacteria (Hsu et al., 2014; van der Oost et al., 2014), spanning a wide range of environmental temperatures.”
Identifying and visualizing functional PAM diversity across CRISPR-Cas systems (2016, background): “…Repeats) and their associated Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins form widespread adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes that have been harnessed as ubiquitous tools in biotechnology and medicine (Barrangou et al., 2007; Doudna and Charpentier, 2014; Hsu et al., 2014; van der Oost et al., 2014).”