Autophagy—a key player in cellular and body metabolism

By Kook Hwan Kim, Myung-Shik Lee. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2014

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Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes (2017, neutral): “…2013), autoimmune (Deretic et al , 2013; Zhong et al , 2016), cardiovascular (Shirakabe et al , 2016), rheumatic (Rockel & Kapoor, 2016), metabolic (Kim & Lee, 2014), pulmonary (Nakahira et al , 2016), and malignant diseases (Galluzzi et al , 2015b, 2017a; Amaravadi et al , 2016), as well as aging…”
Metabolic Control of Longevity. (2016, background): “Agents that stimulate autophagy, such as rapamycin and spermidine, also prevent steatohepatitis and obesity in mice on high-fat diet (Kim and Lee, 2014).”
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments (2023, background): “Autophagy maintains cellular quality and organ function as a key but conserved homeostatic process via the disposal and recycling of cellular components while eliminating hazardous cells containing potentially toxic proteins, lipids, and organelles, which is mainly regulated by the mechanistic targe”