Non-destructive testing application of radiography and ultrasound for wire and arc additive manufacturing

By A. Lopez, Ricardo Bacelar, I. Pires, Telmo G. Santos, J. P. Sousa, L. Quintino. 2018

217 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract The present work addressed the challenges of identifying applicable Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques suitable for inspection and materials characterization techniques for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) parts. With the view of transferring WAAM to the industry and qualifying the manufacturing process for applications such as structural components, the quality of the produced parts needs to be assured. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to review the main NDT techniques and assess the capability of detecting WAAM defects, for inspection either in a monitoring, in-process or post-process scenario. Radiography and ultrasonic testing were experimentally tested on reference specimens in order to compare the techniques capabilities. Metallographic, hardness and electrical conductivity analysis were also applied to the same specimens for material characterization. Experimental outcomes prove that typical WAAM defects can be detected by the referred techniques. The electrical conductivity measurement may complement or substitute some destructive methods used in AM processing.

Subfields: Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3b0dbb43380a57936c6b16e1bb6d23af61320f20

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Mechanical Engineering

1. J. P. Oliveira
2. Telmo G. Santos
3. R. Miranda
4. V. Duarte
5. T. A. Rodrigues
6. Alexander F. H. Kaplan
7. Afaf Remani
8. Richard Leach

In Mechanics of Materials

1. R. Miranda
2. J. P. Oliveira
3. Guangxi Dong
4. Telmo G. Santos

Citations in the corpus

• Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2019, methodology): “In addition, during WAAM, sensors can be used to monitor the temperature at different regions [151], measure the size and geometry of beads [152,153], determine the weld pool characteristics, monitor the acoustic signal of deposition [154], detect electrical conductivity variations [155], and measur”
• Hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM) (2020, background): “This is also a major concern for non-destructive testing (NDT) [5] that may not ensure the detection of such defects.”
• Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice (2020, background): “by-layer monitoring is most appropriate to detect defects earlier in production of the parts, allowing its correction and the adjustment of the process parameters [117].”
• Defect inspection technologies for additive manufacturing (2021, methodology): “In addition to traditional ultrasonic testing methods, many scholars have conducted research on laser ultrasonic testing methods [35].”
• Porosity in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys (2021, background): “Lopez et al. investigated different non-destructive testing methods and demonstrated that existing techniques such as radiography and ultrasound can be used for in-process and off-line inspection of WAAM parts regarding defects such as pores and cracks [29].”