Leadership in fish shoals

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Intra‐school positional preference and reduced tail beat frequency in trailing positions in schooling roach under experimental conditions (2003, background): “Positional preferences in roach are strongly influenced by the nutritional states of the individuals (Krause et al., 1992, 2000b; Krause, 1993b).”
Individual leadership and boldness in shoals of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) (2006, unknown): “In animal groups, leadership can be defined as the initiation of a movement, or a changing direction during a movement, made by one or some individual(s) followed by the rest of the group (Krause et al., 2000).”
Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish (2011, background): “Our analysis of temporal correlations shows how information flows within groups, which often influences how group decisions are made (42).”