Specific impairments of planning.

By T. Shallice. 1982

An information-processing model is outlined that predicts that performance on non-routine tasks can be impaired independently of performance on routine tasks. The model is related to views on frontal lobe functions, particularly those of Luria. Two methods of obtaining more rigorous tests of the model are discussed. One makes use of ideas from artificial intelligence to derive a task heavily loaded on planning abilities. A group of patients with left anterior lesions has a specific deficit on the task. Subsidiary investigations support the inference that this is a planning impairment.

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Citations in the corpus

Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015, methodology): “Research on planning and verbal strategies in childhood has almost exclusively been conducted using tower tasks, such as the Tower of London task (Shallice, 1982) or the very similar Tower of Hanoi puzzle.”
Executive function and theory of mind as predictors of aggressive and prosocial behavior and peer acceptance in early childhood (2017, methodology): “There were two 2-move practice problems and 12 test problems ranging from 2- to 5-moves (Shallice, 1982).”
The extreme male brain theory of autism. (2002, unknown): “(ii) The Tower of Hanoi (and its modified version, the Tower of London [Shallice, 1982]), in which the subject has to solve problems by planning before acting.”
Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. (2000, methodology): “To study its neural concomitants, we used positron emission tomography (PET) in conjunction with a highlevel planning task based on the Tower of London (Shallice, 1982).”
The impact of a view from a window on thermal comfort, emotion, and cognitive performance (2020, background): “, brain-reasoning and forward-thinking), which knowledge workers would need to perform their task successfully [63].”
Latent structure of executive function in five- and six-year-old children: A longitudinal study (2014, unknown): “Tower of London (ToL) (Shallice, 1982).”
Sex differences in impulsivity: a meta-analysis. (2011, unknown): “These measures were not developed as measures of impulsivity but as tests of, among other things: spatial ability (the SODT-R; Quiroga et al, 2007); intelligence (The Porteus Maze; Porteus, 1950; The Tower of London Test; Shallice, 1982); and visual attention (the Trail Making Test; Reitan, 1958).”
Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates. (2004, background): “It has previously been argued that the prefrontal cortex has a ‘supervisory’ role in maintaining attention, particularly when tasks are non-routine and require constant monitoring of new information to plan appropriate courses of action [119].”
Organisation of executive functions: Hemispheric asymmetries (2012, methodology): “Similarly, using the Tower of London planning test (Shallice, 1982), it has been shown that the best performers ( 70% correct) activated left DLPFC more than the standard performers (B70% correct), whereas”
Complex Problem Solving (2015, methodology): “The DLPFC has long been implicated in planning, as mentioned earlier, with the TOL being developed to study deficits in planning in patients with prefrontal damage (Shallice, 1982).”
Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. (2006, methodology): “Lesion studies (Goldman-Rakic, 1987; Rakic, Bourgeois, & GoldmanRakic, 1994; Shallice, 1982) and functional imaging experiments (e.g. Casey et al., 1997; Rubia et al., 2001; Rubia, Smith, Brammer, & Taylor, 2003) suggest that such skills rely heavily on the frontal lobes.”
Examining the effects of active versus inactive bilingualism on executive control in a carefully matched non-immigrant sample (2015, unknown): “In the Tower of London task (TOL; Shallice, 1982), participants had to move coloured balls on three pegs of different height to solve 12”
Inner speech is used to mediate short-term memory, but not planning, among intellectually high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (2012, methodology): “By definition, individuals with ASD engage in relatively little of the early communicative exchanges that Vygotsky (1987) suggested were critical for the formation of verbal thinking.”
Private speech on an executive task: relations with task difficulty and task performance (2005, methodology): “Instead of using a task requiring semantic processing, we chose a task with a predominant executive component, the Tower of London (Shallice, 1982).”