Predation on Atlantic salmon and sea trout during their first days as postsmolts

By C. Dieperink, B. D. Bak, Lars‐Flemming Pedersen, M. Pedersen, Stig Pedersen. 2002

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Factors affecting marine production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (2004, background): “) and gannets (Morus bassanus) and fish such as cod feed on post-smolts (Hvidsten and Møkkelgjerd 1987; Salminen et al. 1995; Dieperink et al. 2002).”
Smolt Physiology and Endocrinology (2012, background): “Mortality rates of up to 34% due to predation during the first 2 days of SW entry have been reported in brown trout smolts (Dieperink et al., 2002).”
The influence of the freshwater environment and the biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon smolts on their subsequent marine survival (2012, background): “Studies have demonstrated that high levels of smolt mortality are common in estuaries and marine areas close to river mouths (Lacroix, 2008; Serrano et al., 2009; Thorstad et al., 2011), with predation a major contributory factor (Dieperink et al., 2002; Thorstad et al., 2011).”
Marine life of the sea trout (2016, background): “2014), perhaps due to compromised antipredator behaviour of the smolts as they adapt to sea water (Dieperink et al. 2002).”
The survival of semi‐wild, wild and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon smolts of the Simojoki River in the Baltic Sea (2006, background): “The situation changes drastically when cultured fish are released into the wild due to, among other factors, their poorer ability to recognize and escape predators than wild fish (Olla et al., 1998; Dieperink et al., 2002).”