A Comparison of Psychometric Properties and Normality in 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-Point Likert Scales

By Shing-On Leung. 2011

700 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Management Science and Operations Research, Social Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/383999095488a953a1ca1312b887c7c92e11b385

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In Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

In Management Science and Operations Research

In Social Psychology

Citations in the corpus

Teachers’ self-efficacy in relation to individual students with a variety of social–emotional behaviors: A multilevel investigation (2016, neutral): “Several empirical sources (e.g., Allen & Seaman, 2007; Kislenko & Grevholm, 2008; Leung, 2011; Parker, McDaniel, & Crumpton-Young, 2002) have indicated that scale scores may be treated as interval-level measures as long as the psychometric properties of the scale are sufficient.”
Impact of the Number of Scale Points on Data Characteristics and Respondents’ Evaluations: An Experimental Design Approach Using 5-Point and 7-Point Likert-type Scales (2016, background): “39 S.O. Leung, 2011, A Comparison of Psychometric Properties and Normality in 4-,5-,6 and 11-Point Likert Scales.”
Pro-Environmental Behaviours and Value-Belief-Norm Theory: Assessing Unobserved Heterogeneity of Two Ethnic Groups (2019, methodology): “For sections B and C, a six-point scale was used that ranged from very unimportant/strongly disagree/never (1) to very important/strongly agree/always (6) because it could not generate moderate degrees of agreement, in contrast to scales that have an odd number of ratings [71].”
Response option configuration of online administered Likert scales (2015, background): “How best to structure Likert scales is still being debated (e.g. Chang, 1994; Leung, 2011).”
Examining an integrated model of green image, perceived quality, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in upscale hotels (2020, background): “In particular, the results of the normality test showed that all items deviated from normality, which is an expected result in the case of Likert scales, as most of the responses tend to fall either to the left or right of the neutral point, skewing the dataset (see Leung, 2011).”
Can Likert Scales be Treated as Interval Scales?—A Simulation Study (2017, background): “If it can be increased to eleven, a common metric that ranges from 0 to 10, as recommended by Hodge and Gillespie (2007) and Leung (2011), it can be treated as a continuous measure and hence arithmetic operations can be used.”
Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB): Investigating Customers’ Perception of Restaurants’ Sustainability by Testing a Structural Equation Model (2018, methodology): “The choice to resort to a 5-point scale was due to the fact that, in many cases, as demonstrated by Leung’s study [74], it had the highest eigenvalue for the factors and the highest cumulative percentages of variations explained.”