Graphene electro-optic modulator with 30 GHz bandwidth

By C. Phare, Yoon-Ho Daniel Lee, J. Cardenas, Michal Lipson. Nature Photonics, 2015

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Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications (2016, background): “3%, it is at least equally attractive that the optical properties of graphene can be substantially modified by changing the Fermi energy with the further addition of charge carriers [24, 32, 33].”
Graphene–silicon phase modulators with gigahertz bandwidth (2017, background): “To date, several graphene based amplitude modulators have been reported based on electro-absorption[20–23].”
Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies (2021, background): “5Vp−p.(158) The modulator could transmit 22 Gb∕s while consuming 800 fJ∕bit.”
Broadband 10 Gb/s operation of graphene electro‐absorption modulator on silicon (2016, background): “While in [22] a ring resonator based graphene modulator exhibiting a bandwidth of 30GHz was demonstrated, this device scarifies one of the most”