(p)ppGpp: still magical?
By K. Potrykus, M. Cashel. Annual Review of Microbiology, 2008
1,166 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The fundamental details of how nutritional stress leads to elevating (p)ppGpp are questionable. By common usage, the meaning of the stringent response has evolved from the specific response to (p)ppGpp provoked by amino acid starvation to all responses caused by elevating (p)ppGpp by any means. Different responses have similar as well as dissimilar positive and negative effects on gene expression and metabolism. The different ways that different bacteria seem to exploit their capacities to form and respond to (p)ppGpp are already impressive despite an early stage of discovery. Apparently, (p)ppGpp can contribute to regulation of many aspects of microbial cell biology that are sensitive to changing nutrient availability: growth, adaptation, secondary metabolism, survival, persistence, cell division, motility, biofilms, development, competence, and virulence. Many basic questions still exist. This review tries to focus on some issues that linger even for the most widely characterized bacterial strains.
Subfields: Food Science, Genetics, Molecular Medicine
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/37bda10b65f9ca855717d91098c933a1e8dd7627
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Citations in the corpus
- Stress Physiology of Lactic Acid Bacteria (2016, background): “Accumulation of the alarmone (p)ppGpp in the cell triggers the stringent response (SR), a highly conserved bacterial stress response originally defined as a response to amino acid starvation but nowadays recognized as being triggered by a wide range of environmental stress conditions (118) (Fig.”
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lifestyle: A Paradigm for Adaptation, Survival, and Persistence (2017, background): “This inhibitory impact is concomitant with activation and upregulation of pathways for amino acid biosynthesis and the transcription of stress response genes (Potrykus and Cashel, 2008; Dalebroux and Swanson, 2012; Amato et al., 2014).”
- Lag Phase Is a Distinct Growth Phase That Prepares Bacteria for Exponential Growth and Involves Transient Metal Accumulation (2011, background): “ppGpp is a bacterial alarmone that can modulate the partitioning of RNAP during the stringent response (89) and that controls a global regulatory system that operates under conditions of nutrient or energy starvation or other environmental stress.”
- Resistance and survival strategies of Salmonella enterica to environmental stresses (2012, background): “The levels of (p)ppGpp can rapidly rise by increasing the activity of (p) ppGpp synthetase I (relA gene) or the bi-functional (p)ppGpp synthetase II/guanosine-3′,5′-bis pyrophosphate 3′-pyrophosphohydrolase (spoT gene), respectively (Potrykus & Cashel, 2008).”
- The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens (2014, background): “RelA is a monofunctional alarmone synthase, and SpoT is a bifunctional synthase/hydrolase (Potrykus and Cashel, 2008).”
- Bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins, nucleoid structure and gene expression (2010, background): “During the stringent response, the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and the polymerase-interacting DnaK suppressor protein ( DksA ) facilitate a targeted weakening of RNA polymerase activity at stringently controlled promoter”
- Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action (2017, background): “During their stress conditions bacteria synthesize alarmones, namely; guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate, collectively termed as (p) ppGpp.(134,135) Generally, 2 enzymes regulate the (p) ppGpp metabolism: the (p)ppGpp-synthetase/hydro-”