Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll‐like receptor‐4

By E. Palsson-McDermott, Luke A. O'Neill. Immunology, 2004

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Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development (2020, background): “Direct contact with bacteria/bacterial products leads to the activation of immune cells via TLR4/MyD88-dependent signaling pathways in the lamina propria by interaction with gut bacteria–derived LPS, resulting in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators that perpetuate local inflammation.”
Nanomedicine-Driven Modulation of the Gut–Brain Axis: Innovative Approaches to Managing Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease (2025, unknown): “This results in the transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-1 β , TNF-α , IL-6, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [13].”