Melt-electrospinning. part I: processing parameters and geometric properties

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Needleless melt-electrospinning of polypropylene nanofibres (2012, background): “In some studies, this has been achieved by applying the high voltage electrode to the collector instead of the spinneret [12, 17, 22].”
Recent advances in nanofibre fabrication techniques (2012, background): “heated by different means such as heating oven,(73) heat guns, laser melting devices and electric heating.(78).”
A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies (2006, methodology): “…method to produce fibres, efforts were made to electrospin fibres using polymer melts (Larrondo and Manley 1981a, 1981b, 1981c), but there is currently less research in this, probably due to its difficulty in fabricating fibres with nanometre diameter (Lyons et al 2004, Sanders et al 2005).”
Progress in electrospun polymeric nanofibrous membranes for water treatment : fabrication, modification and applications (2017, background): “Besides the intrinsic properties of polymers, the working temperature in melt electrospinning showed significant effects on resultant nanofibers [77].”
Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Role of Porosity and Pore Size (2013, neutral): “77,78 However, as polymer melts have lower charge density and are more viscous than its solution, ﬁbers obtained from melt electrospinning process are thicker than those fabricated from solution electrospinning.”