Transport phenomena during direct metal deposition

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An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part I: Transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics (2015, methodology): “For a given laser power, metallic fluids with high surface tension sensitivity to temperature will tend to have higher peak velocities within its melt pool during DLD, with characteristic peak velocities on-theorder of 1 m/s [101,139,142].”
Numerical simulation of thermal behavior and multicomponent mass transfer in direct laser deposition of Co-base alloy on steel (2017, methodology): “The direct metal deposition was studied by a 3D numerical model [12].”
A comprehensive analytical model for laser powder-fed additive manufacturing (2016, methodology): “Numerical methods based on finite element methods have also proved popular and can accurately simulate the powder flux distribution [3], laser particle interaction process [4], melt pool formation [5], clad layer geometry [6,7], temperature, velocity and thermal stress fields distribution over the p”
Modeling of thermal behavior and mass transport in multi-layer laser additive manufacturing of Ni-based alloy on cast iron (2017, methodology): “In order to describe the dynamic surface of molten pool, surface tracking [18] or surface capturing methods [3,9] are highly computationally intensive.”