Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke: Nearly as Large as Smoking

By J. Barnoya, S. Glantz. Circulation, 2005

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Growing Epidemic of Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2010, background): “Their review of the biological and epidemiological literature on SHS concluded that the effects of chronic SHS exposure on increased CHD risk are substantial, rapid, and nearly as large (80–90%) as those of active smoking [71].”
Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases (2014, background): “Cigarette smoking contain large amount of free radicals and may down-regulate key exogenous and endogenous antioixdants such as vitamin-D, carotenes, GPx and SOD and can lead to the dysfunction of monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells [163].”
Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1: The Epidemiology and Risk Factors. (2017, background): “Smoking even 1 cigarette a day increases the risk of MI (Figure 4) as does exposure to second-hand smoke.(40,41) There”
Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke (2011, positive): “Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (also referred to as passive or second-hand smoke) is an established risk factor for heart disease.(342,343) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may also be a risk factor for stroke, with a risk approaching the doubling found for active smoking, although 1”