Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora.

By N. Vaziri, Jakk Wong, M. Pahl, Y. Piceno, Jun Yuan, Todd Z. DeSantis, Z. Ni, T. Nguyen, Gary L. Andersen. Kidney International, 2013

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Microbiota in health and diseases (2022, background): “ESRD patients have shown an increase in Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and a decrease in Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli compared with the control group.(299) Another study has demonstrated that changes in gut microbiota is also shown to be an important factor in contributing to infla”
Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) Pathway Contributes to Both Development of Renal Insufficiency and Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease (2014, background): “Furthermore, perturbations of the composition of the gut microbial community in both human and experimental CKD are associated with significant elevations of gut-derived uremic toxins.(2) Such alterations have also been associated with increased systemic inflammatory burden, and thus are suspected t”
Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease (2017, background): “Ammonia and ammonium hydroxide disrupt the intestinal epithelial tight junctions.(131) This is thought to be a major cause of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in CKD that allows the translocation of gut bacterial DNA and uremic toxins into systemic circulation, resulting in systemic inflamm”