GENDER, STRUCTURAL DISADVANTAGE, AND URBAN CRIME: DO MACROSOCIAL VARIABLES ALSO EXPLAIN FEMALE OFFENDING RATES?*

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Immigration Effects on Homicide Offending For Total and Race/Ethnicity-Disaggregated Populations (White, Black, and Latino) (2009, methodology): “…analysis, and 176 for the Black population analysis.1 Arrest data are subject to many well-known criticisms, but homicide is viewed as the most serious of index crimes and the index offense most reliably reported to the police and likely to result in arrest (Steffensmeier & Haynie, 2000).”
Gender Equality and Gendered Homicides (2002, methodology): “Steffensmeier and Haynie (2000) speculated that these results reflected the fact that female-perpetrated homicide “mainly emerges in the context of male aggression” (p. 431), which would be compatible with the backlash interpretation of a positive association between gender equality and levels of…”