The Individual Experience of Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture

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Guilt, Shame and Embarrassment: Revelations of Face and Self (2004, background): “Bedford (2004) reports that diulian (losing face) may encompass feelings of guilt, shame or both. Lau, Chiu and Ho (1997) find that diulian is commonly accompanied by embarrassment, flushing, wanting to hide, feeling Culture & Psychology 10(1)”
Culture and Emotion (2012, background): “…in emotional meanings, including cultural differences in the meaning of and narratives related to emotions such as shame, guilt, or embarrassment (Bedford, 2004; Bierbrauer, 1992; Ho, Fu, & Ng, 2004; Hong, 2004; Lebra, 1983; Liem, 1997); the social sharing of emotions (SinghManoux & Finkenauer,…”
Cross-cultural Continuities and Discontinuities in Shame, Guilt, and Pride: A Study of Children Residing in Japan, Korea and the USA (2012, background): “Questions have been raised regarding the comparability of translations of ‘‘shame’’ and ‘‘guilt’’ across languages (e.g., Bedford, 2004; Li, Wang, & Fischer, 2004) and people often use the English terms ‘‘shame’’ and ‘‘guilt’’ interchangeably, however the TOSCA-C does not use the terms ‘‘shame’’…”