Handling Item-Level Missing Data

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Meaningful Work as a Moderator of the Relation Between Work Stress and Meaning in Life (2016, methodology): “Following the procedure outlined by Parent (2013), we used mean imputation to generate values for these 37 participants.”
Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals. (2015, unknown): “Ninety cases were unusable because they were missing more than 20% of items (the 20% criterion is recommended by prior researchers; Parent, 2013).”
Gendered Racism, Coping, Identity Centrality, and African American College Women’s Psychological Distress (2016, methodology): “Given the very small amount of missing data, we used available case analyses procedures, wherein mean scale scores are calculated without substitution or imputation of values, which produces similar results to multiple imputation methods (Parent, 2013).”
College Students as Helpful Bystanders Against Sexual Violence (2014, methodology): “Scales were scored using available item analysis (Parent, 2013), so missing data at the item level (which did not appear to be nonrandom) were not considered a problem.”