Oscillation Frequency and Amplitude Effects on the Wake of a Plunging Airfoil

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Direct measurement of thrust and efficiency of an airfoil undergoing pure pitching (2015, background): “The numerical study by Young & Lai (2004) does not fare as well, though still matches the trend of thrust coefficient versus pitching frequency.”
Flapping Wing Aerodynamics: Progress and Challenges (2008, methodology): “However, Navier–Stokes computations byYoung and Lai [24,25] for the same airfoil in incompressible flow in the Reynolds number range between 10,000 to 30,000 reveals significant differences compared with the high-Reynolds number behavior.”
Unsteady force generation and vortex dynamics of pitching and plunging aerofoils (2012, unknown): “Strouhal number has been emphasized in numerous oscillating aerofoil flow visualization and wake measurement experiments (Koochesfahani 1989; Lai & Platzer 1999; Young & Lai 2004), where the wake structures that produce drag or thrust are dependent on the value of St .”
Shallow and deep dynamic stall for flapping low Reynolds number airfoils (2009, methodology): “Young and Lai (2004) used a 2D Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach to study the frequency–amplitude parameter space for optimal thrust efficiency for a plunging NACA 0012 airfoil at Re = O(104), and Jones et al. (1996) demonstrated good agreement in wake vortex structure between dye…”