Has the EU's Single Market Programme Fostered Competition? Testing for a Decrease in Mark‐up Ratios in EU Industries

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International Trade Without CES: Estimating Translog Gravity (2013, background): “Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) and Behrens and Murata (2012) demonstrate this effect theoretically.”
Patent rights, product market reforms, and innovation (2015, methodology): “Positive average effects of the reform on product market competition in manufacturing industries have widely been documented, for example by Bottasso and Sembenelli (2001), Badinger (2007), and Griffith, Harrison, and Simpson”
Globalization, Markups, and US Welfare (2017, unknown): “Gains due to the self-selection of efficient firms into exporting (as inMelitz 2003) have been demonstrated for Canada by Trefler (2004) and for a broader sample of countries by Badinger (2007b, 2008).”
Product market reform and innovation in the EU (2006, unknown): “…countries—Allen, Gasiorek, and Smith (1998) find that the SMP reduced barriers to trade and was associated with reductions in price–cost margins, Badinger (2007) also finds evidence of reduced mark-ups in manufacturing, and Notaro (2002) finds that the SMP was associated with significant…”