Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues

By M. Vallet‐Regí, J. González-Calbet. 2004

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Demineralization–remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone (2016, positive): “The carbonate content of bone and teeth HA is 4%–8%; with age, the carbonate content increases but the hydrogen phosphate decreases.(3,4) The ratio of inorganic-to-organic contents varies according to the tissue; such variation reflects the properties of each tissue.”
Collagen-hydroxyapatite composites for hard tissue repair. (2006, methodology): “In skeletal bones, carbonate substituted HA crystals are mineralised within small gaps of the collagen fibrils and have been quoted as 50nm×25nm×2-5nm in length, width and thickness respectively (Vallet-Regi and Gonzalez-Calbet, 2004).”
Mineralized structures in nature: Examples and inspirations for the design of new composite materials and biomaterials (2010, background): “They consist of the same ions as the mineral in natural bones [84].”
Bioceramics of calcium orthophosphates. (2010, background): “Due to high brittleness (associated to low crack resistance), the biomedical application of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics is focused on production of non-load-bearing implants, such as pieces for middle ear surgery, filling of bone defects in oral or orthopedic surgery, as well as coating of de”