Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm

By Christopher W. Fairall, E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, James B. Edson. 2003

2,455 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Atmospheric Science, Oceanography

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2dc4c113804d8803f2d8f7d1a9ff5e8b56f13054

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Citations in the corpus

Mechanisms of convective cloud organization by cold pools over tropical warm ocean during the AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign (2015, methodology): “0 algorithm [Fairall et al., 2003], which is a bulk flux algorithm used to estimate surface fluxes from time series of wind speed, temperature, moisture, and the gradients of each variable between the sea-surface and the lowest layer of the atmosphere.”
First direct measurements of enthalpy flux in the hurricane boundary layer: The CBLAST results (2008, methodology): “made to determine empirically the values of the momentum and heat exchange coefficients through measurements [Large and Pond, 1981, 1982; DeCosmo et al., 1996; Fairall et al., 2003], however, one clear limitation of the observational results for CK and CD is that few direct flux data are available f”
How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity (2008, methodology): “Monin–Obukhov scheme for surface flux calculations (Fairall et al. 2003), an explicit treatment of mixedphase cloud microphysics (Wang 2001), a nonlinear fourth-order horizontal diffusion for all prognostic variables except for those related to the mass conservation equation, a simple Newtonian cool”
State of the climate in 2010 (2011, methodology): “…OAFlux products uses the state-of-the-art bulk flux algorithm version 3.0 developed from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE; Fairall et al. 2003), with the surface meteorological variables determined from an optimal blending of satellite retrievals of surface-wind and…”
The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (2008, positive): “The ship also carried instruments for measuring turbulent and radiative fluxes (e.g., Fairall et al. 2003), a second set of cloud remote-sensing instruments, and several instruments to measure ocean conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) and current profiles (Godfrey et al. 1999).”
Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic boundary layer: large-eddy simulation with vortex force and stochastic breakers (2007, background): “However, it is also well known that the incidence of large-scale breaking is related to the group structure of the surface wave field, in an, as yet, not fully understood way (Donelan, Longuet-Higgins & Turner 1972).”
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Inner-Core Size and Intensity to the Radial Distribution of Surface Entropy Flux (2010, methodology): “…closure scheme for subgrid-scale vertical turbulent mixing (Langland and Liou 1996), a modiﬁed Monin–Obukhov scheme for the surface ﬂux calculations (Fairall et al. 2003), an explicit treatment of mixed-phase cloud mi-crophysics (Wang 2001), a nonlinear fourth-order horizontal diffusion for…”
The Observed State of the Water Cycle in the Early Twenty-First Century (2015, methodology): “0 algorithm (Fairall et al. 2003) has been developed as a computationally inexpensive forward model to calculate the surface turbulent fluxes from the input bulk variables.”
Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum (2019, methodology): “The latent and sensible heat fluxes are typically estimated from state variables, using a “bulk flux algorithm” (e.g., Fairall et al., 2003).”
Tracking Pulses of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (2013, background): “0 flux algorithm (Fairall et al. 2003) overestimates the latent and sensible heat f luxes under weak wind and rainy conditions.”
Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane (2008, methodology): “[48] There are no disposable constants in (8) which makes definite predictions or hindcasts of the e-folding time given two key pieces of data; the wind stress, which will be calculated from QuikSCAT estimates of wind speed noted already in section 2.3 and the Fairall et al. [2003] drag coefficien”
A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 1: Wave-current turbulence interaction parameters for the open ocean based on traditional parameterizations (2008, methodology): “Although the momentum flux profiles generally agree with the land data in the mean (Fairall et al., 2003), deviations are also evident at low and high wind, showing a clear departure from MoninObukhov theory, due to a variety of wave-related processes (e.g., Sullivan et al., 2008).”
Which Bulk Aerodynamic Algorithms are Least Problematic in Computing Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes (2003, methodology): “In particular, the overall excellent Unauthenticated | Downloaded 07/05/22 06:40 AM UTC performance of COARE 3.0 (Fairall et al. 2003) is partly caused by the revision of the code (from version 2.5 to 3.0) utilizing cruise data from both the Tropics and midlatitudes including ASTEX, COARE, SCOPE,…”
Dynamics of Winds and Currents Coupled to Surface Waves (2010, methodology): “The use of Equation 3 is based on the assumption that τa obeys Monin-Obukhov scaling in the surface layer (Fairall et al. 2003).”
Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance (2019, methodology): “The overall error in the flux estimated by the COARE algorithm for wind speeds 10 ms−1 is less than 5% and for wind speeds between 10 ms−1 to 20 ms−1 is less than 10% (Fairall et al., 2003).”
Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping (2015, methodology): “The neutral drag coefficient CD used here is based on the bulk flux formulation from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment, version 3.0 (COARE 3.0; Fairall et al. 2003).”