Processing definitional and stereotypical gender in reference resolution: Evidence from eye-movements

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Influences of grammatical and stereotypical gender during reading: eye movements in pronominal and noun phrase anaphor resolution (2014, background): “The eye-tracking studies on anaphor resolution reported above mostly addressed gender processing in English and used reflexive pronouns as anaphors (Duffy & Keir, 2004; Kreiner et al., 2008; Sturt, 2003).”
Gender bias and stereotypes in Large Language Models (2023, background): “It has also been shown that this surprisal effect can be overcome through grammatical or context means, allowing readers to accommodate less frequent situations [6, 32, 50].”
Isolating stereotypical gender in a grammatical gender language: Evidence from eye movements (2014, background): “Role nouns with stereotypical and definitional gender were contrasted in an eye-tracking study by Kreiner, Sturt, and Garrod (2008), with reflexive pronouns appearing in anaphoric or cataphoric positions (see also Van Gompel & Liversedge, 2003; and Sturt, 2003, for resolution of pronouns in…”
Gender Bias in Machine Translation (2021, background): “Such assumptions impact our perceptions (Hamilton, 1988; Gygax et al., 2008; Kreiner et al., 2008) and influence our behavior (e.”