Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the 'dark side' of drug addiction

By G. Koob, M. Le Moal. Nature Neuroscience, 2005

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Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: a theoretical framework and empirical review (2008, background): “There is little dispute about the importance of hedonic processes in the early phases of addiction, but current neurobiological models differ with respect to the processes that are central to the escalation of substance use and misuse into dependence (Everitt & Robbins, 2005 ; Koob & Le Moal, 2005”
The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction. (2019, neutral): “This state, which has been described as the “dark side” of addiction, is most evident during acute drug withdrawal and is associated with a high risk of relapse as a means to temporarily escape the experience of intense distress and negative emotionality (184).”
Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. (2007, background): “An allostatic view of drug addiction thus provides a heuristic model with which to explore residual changes following drug binges that contribute to vulnerability to relapse (1, 15, 71).”
Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity (2014, background): “Depression and anxiety frequently develop in actively drinking AD subjects and play an important role in the negative reinforcement of drinking tendency (28).”