Immune Regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms

By Rick M. Maizels, M. Yazdanbakhsh. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2003

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The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity (2012, background): “Human parasitic helminths are complex eukaryotic organisms that mostly live asymptomatically inside the host, with infection usually associated with tolerogenic responses (Maizels and Yazdanbakhsh, 2003).”
Disease ecology meets ecological immunology: understanding the links between organismal immunity and infection dynamics in natural populations (2011, background): “Studies have shown that humans infected with parasitic worms show a pattern of immune dysfunctions, including decreased secretion of certain cyctokines and inhibition of T-cell proliferation (Maizels & Yazdanbakhsh 2003).”
The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation (2005, background): “This activates a range of interacting processes against the parasite culminating in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa and different effector mechanisms against the invading parasite (summarised in [186-191]).”
Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths (2011, background): “High IgG4 levels, and depressed IgE levels, are seen both in chronic human helminth infections, in which effector immunity is mute”