Chemical defenses of the Caribbean sponges Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera

By M. Assmann, E. Lichte, J. Pawlik, M. Köck. 2000

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Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense (2003, unknown): “By far the most prevalent theory regarding the function of sponge secondary metabolites is that they act to deter predation (e.g. Pawlik et al. 1995, Wilson et al. 1999, Assmann et al. 2000).”
Effects of Caribbean Sponge Extracts on Bacterial Attachment (2003, background): “Assmann et al. (2000) determined that sceptrin was the dominant metabolite in A. conifera (68% of the dimeric alkaloid fraction), while the predominant compounds in Agelas clathrodes were oroidin and 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Chanas et al. 1996, Assmann et al. 2000).”
The Chemical Ecology of Sponges on Caribbean Reefs: Natural Products Shape Natural Systems (2011, methodology): “…most simple 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid to the imidizole-containing www.biosciencemag.org November 2011 / Vol. 61 No. 11 BioScience 891 compound oroidin (figure 2) or to dimeric metabolites, including sceptrin and ageliferin (Chanas et al. 1997, Assmann et al. 2000, Lindel et al. 2000).”