The Chemical Ecology of Sponges on Caribbean Reefs: Natural Products Shape Natural Systems

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Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. (2014, background): “In sponges, alkaloids deter feeding and protect against infection [27], while in scleractinia they act as allelochemicals [31].”
Temporal changes in benthic assemblages on Florida Keys reefs 11 years after the 1997/1998 El Niño (2013, background): “Such limitations often result in misleading characterizations of the status of reefs (e.g. Pawlik 2011) because successional states can persist for prolonged periods and natural population fluctuations, irrespective of the larger reef community, can appear as phase shifts (Connell & Slatyer 1977,…”
A test of the sponge-loop hypothesis for emergent Caribbean reef sponges (2018, background): “…sponge species is available to higher trophic levels, as some species invest re - sources into the production of secondary metabolites that deter predation; however, species that lack chemical defenses grow and reproduce at faster rates and are grazed upon by spongivorous predators (Pawlik 2011).”
Nutrient Fluxes and Ecological Functions of Coral Reef Sponges in a Changing Ocean (2017, background): “Additionally, the sponge species that were earlier identified as primary prey for spongivorous fishes (Randall and Hartman 1968) were discovered to be chemically undefended (Pawlik 2011).”