Grain refinement of wire arc additively manufactured titanium by the addition of silicon

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In-situ strengthening of a high strength low alloy steel during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2020, methodology): “Research by Kozeschnik and Bhadeshia [22] indicates, that under equilibrium conditions, Fe 3 C formation is hardly influenced by the Si content.”
The Current State of Research of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM): A Review (2021, background): “The directional grain growth that occurs in titanium alloys in additive manufacturing can be reduced by an intermediate forming process [39,47,98,107,299,305,312,313], the addition of further elements like boron, silicon or other elements [303,311,317,321,322] or applying post-weld heat treatment [3”
Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2019, background): “Similarly, the same authors added silicon to a commercially pure titanium wire, promoting refinement of the grain size, particularly on the prior β grains [55].”
Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice (2020, methodology): “[260] used Si during wire and arc additive manufacturing of commercially pure Ti.”