When “Just Say No” is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation☆

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Reducing Implicit Prejudice (2013, background): “Negations require first representing the association and then invalidating it; since invalidating an association requires additional processing (Gilbert, Tafarodi, & Malone, 1993), negations may be particularly difficult to process implicitly (Gawronski et al., 2008).”
Gay Stereotypes: The Use of Sexual Orientation as a Cue for Gender-Related Attributes (2009, background): “... although simply training individuals to negate currently held stereotypes (e.g., teaching them that “the elderly are not bad drivers”) paradoxically increases the strength of the stereotype (Wegner 1994), a subtly different intervention in which individuals are trained to affirm counter-stereoty”
When the method makes a difference: Antagonistic effects on “automatic evaluations” as a function of task characteristics of the measure (2009, methodology): “employed by Gawronski et al. (2008a). Experiment 1”