Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium

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Sedation and analgesia in the mechanically ventilated patient. (2012, background): “Risk factors that may be associated with the development of delirium are multifactorial and include medical conditions such as dementia or hypertension, severity of illness (as indicated by markers such as APACHE scores), social factors such as alcoholism, and medications (in particular, sedatives a”
Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. (2007, background): “04 RASS score within 1 point of physician goal, % (IQR)b 67 (50-85) 55 (8-67) .”
Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. (2009, background): “Several studies have documented the risk of delirium occurrence with the use of psychoactive medications in the ICU (3, 12, 30, 39).”
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit (2013, methodology): “It is therefore important that the predictive relationship between delirium and hospital LOS was also strong in seven of nine studies (318, 319, 322, 323, 361, 364, 367), including three high-quality studies that accounted for immortal time bias (318, 322, 368).”