How Much Cortex Can a Vein Drain? Downstream Dilution of Activation-Related Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Changes

By Robert Turner. NeuroImage, 2002

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Bayesian fMRI time series analysis with spatial priors (2005, background): “BOLD contrast arises mainly from oxygenation changes in small venules lying relatively close to the site of neuronal activity (Turner, 2002).”
Spatio-temporal point-spread function of fMRI signal in human gray matter at 7 Tesla (2007, background): “These measures are comparable to the estimated extent of changes in oxygenation of venous blood which extend without dilution along veins (4.2 mm; Turner, 2002 ).”
Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain (2010, neutral): “(Frahm, Merboldt, Hanicke, Kleinschmidt, & Boecker, 1994; Kim, Hendrich, Hu, Merkle, & Ugurbil, 1994; Turner, 2002).”
An integrative model for neuronal activity-induced signal changes for gradient and spin echo functional imaging (2009, methodology): “…veins (Frahm et al., 1994; Haacke et al., 1994; Hoogenraad et al., 1999; Kim et al., 1994; Lai et al., 1993; Menon et al., 1993; Oja et al., 1999; Turner, 2002) and due to the different point-spread functions of fMRI signal contributions (Engel et al., 1997; Parkes et al., 2005; Shmuel et al.,…”
Mind The Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation (2017, neutral): “Systematic individual differences in cardiorespiratory activity between nonmed-itators and meditators are especially worrisome because of the so-called “vein-drain problem” (R. Turner, 2002).”