The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy
By Qiang Liu, Yuanhong Zhou, Zhan-Qiu Yang. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2015
696 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Severe influenza remains unusual in its virulence for humans. Complications or ultimately death arising from these infections are often associated with hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokine production, which is also known as ‘cytokine storm’. For this disease, it has been proposed that immunomodulatory therapy may improve the outcome, with or without the combination of antiviral agents. Here, we review the current literature on how various effectors of the immune system initiate the cytokine storm and exacerbate pathological damage in hosts. We also review some of the current immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of cytokine storms in severe influenza, including corticosteroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-tumour-necrosis factor therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, statins, arbidol, herbs, and other potential therapeutic strategies.
Subfields: Epidemiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/281ee161c5dde3ac0cb92dda9eaa0f3730e07035
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Citations in the corpus
- Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? (2020, neutral): “In the initial phase, SARS-CoV evades pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and antagonizes the type I IFN response by inducing double-membrane vesicles that lack PRRs, mRNA capping and proteins that inhibit PRR downstream cascades [20,21].”
- Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia (2020, positive): “IVIG has shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with influenza [42] and SARS [43], we need more clinical data of COVID-19 patients as evidence.”
- The cytokine storm and COVID‐19 (2020, background): “blocking Fc receptors, which are related to the severity of the inflammatory state.(77) IVIG has been reportedly used to treat patients with COVID‐19.”
- Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage, and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes (2020, neutral): “Additionally, cytokine storm has been reported in several other bacterial and viral infections including group A streptococcus, H5N1 virus, influenza H1N1 virus, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV (Channappanavar and Perlman, 2017; de Jong et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2016; Tison”