Exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect for tumor targeting.

By A. Iyer, G. Khaled, Jun Fang, H. Maeda. Drug Discovery Today, 2006

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To exploit the tumor microenvironment: Passive and active tumor targeting of nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery. (2010, background): “Very high local concentrations of drug-loaded nanocarriers can be achieved at the tumor site, for instance 10–50-fold higher than in normal tissue within 1–2 days [34].”
Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment (2008, background): “(1, 2) Through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, nanostructured materials upon systemic injection can accumulate in tumor tissues by escaping through the abnormally leaky tumor blood vessels(3-6), making them useful for drug delivery applications.”
Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors (2010, background): “The leakiness of tumor vessels partially makes up for the poor penetration (the so-called enhanced permeability and retention [EPR] effect), but EPR is not very effective, and its size dependency and variability from tumor to tumor limit its usefulness (Maeda et al., 2000; Iyer et al., 2006; Sugahar”