Proline and hydroxyproline metabolism: implications for animal and human nutrition
By Guoyao Wu, F. Bazer, R. Burghardt, G. Johnson, S. Kim, D. Knabe, Peng Li, Xilong Li, Jason Mcknight, M. Satterfield and 1 more. Amino Acids, 2010
655 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Proline plays important roles in protein synthesis and structure, metabolism (particularly the synthesis of arginine, polyamines, and glutamate via pyrroline-5-carboxylate), and nutrition, as well as wound healing, antioxidative reactions, and immune responses. On a per-gram basis, proline plus hydroxyproline are most abundant in collagen and milk proteins, and requirements of proline for whole-body protein synthesis are the greatest among all amino acids. Therefore, physiological needs for proline are particularly high during the life cycle. While most mammals (including humans and pigs) can synthesize proline from arginine and glutamine/glutamate, rates of endogenous synthesis are inadequate for neonates, birds, and fish. Thus, work with young pigs (a widely used animal model for studying infant nutrition) has shown that supplementing 0.0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.05, 1.4, and 2.1% proline to a proline-free chemically defined diet containing 0.48% arginine and 2% glutamate dose dependently improved daily growth rate and feed efficiency while reducing concentrations of urea in plasma. Additionally, maximal growth performance of chickens depended on at least 0.8% proline in the diet. Likewise, dietary supplementation with 0.07, 0.14, and 0.28% hydroxyproline (a metabolite of proline) to a plant protein-based diet enhanced weight gains of salmon. Based on its regulatory roles in cellular biochemistry, proline can be considered as a functional amino acid for mammalian, avian, and aquatic species. Further research is warranted to develop effective strategies of dietary supplementation with proline or hydroxyproline to benefit health, growth, and development of animals and humans.
Subfields: Animal Science and Zoology, Aquatic Science, Cell Biology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/26196c777a875044accdea4b0f4121d6f814a4a9
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Citations in the corpus
- Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health (2013, background): “Like arginine, glutamine and glutamate for weaning pigs (Geng et al. 2011; Rezaei et al. 2013b; Wu et al. 1996, 2004a, 2011b), glycine should be classified as a conditionally essential amino acid for humans (Jackson 1991) and other animals, including piglets (Rezaei et al. 2013a).”
- A review on replacing fish meal in aqua feeds using plant protein sources (2018, background): “Hydroxyproline is needed for the production of glycine, pyruvate, and glucose (Wu et al., 2011) [75].”
- Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2015, background): “For instance, hydroxyproline and proline are important sources of collagen synthesis, or by large, ECM synthesis that helps to physically strengthen the tissue and are also used for repair at the sites of injury [41, 42].”