Modern application of xanthophylls in animal feeding – a review

By D. E. Breithaupt. 2007

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A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. (2018, background): “Carotenoids with diverse chemical structure (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, citranaxanthin capsanthin, β-apo-8’-carotenal, β-apo-8’-carotenoic acid ethyl ester) are widely used in animal feeds for pigmentation of dairy products, egg yolk, and several aquaculture fis”
Current use of phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition: a review (2016, background): “2014) that are more economical but also potentially dangerous to human health (the maximum dose of canthaxanthin should not exceed 8 mg/kg; at higher doses, minute crystal formation may occur in the retina by a reversible deposition process (Breithaupt 2007)). Natural colourings are preferred; the m”
Macroalgae as a sustainable aquafeed ingredient (2019, background): “In aquafeeds, there has been a long history of using synthetic carotenoids (astaxanthin and canthaxanthin), however, natural alternatives derived from sources such as Phaffia and Haematococcus (Breithaupt, 2007) are now being used by the industry (e.g. for organic fish farming).”