Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure

By Adam Back. 2002

961 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Citations in the corpus

Mitigating Sybils in Federated Learning Poisoning (2018, background): “One approach to mitigate sybil attacks is to use proof of work [2], in which a joining client must solve a computationally expensive problem (that is easy to check) to contribute to the system.”
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues of Bitcoin (2017, methodology): “The PoW consists of a complex cryptographic math puzzle, similar to Adam Back’s Hashcash [24].”
SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies (2015, background): “Many other applications followed, including proposals for a fair lottery [47], minting coins for micropayments [97], and preventing various forms of denial-of-service and abuse in anonymous networks [9].”
Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies (2016, background): “That much is certain: Bitcoin cleverly combines existing contributions from decades of research [Merkle 1987, Malkhi and Reiter 1998, Haber and Stornetta 1991, Massias et al. 1999, Back 2002].”
Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: A brief overview (2018, methodology): “The proof-of-work hashing scheme Bitcoin uses is similar to Hashcash [14] and based on SHA-256 hash function [15].”
Price Fluctuations and the Use of Bitcoin: An Empirical Inquiry (2015, unknown): “[12] and Moore [102] argue that Nakamoto’s Bitcoin model drew upon work by David Chaum [29] and several other researchers [10, 24, 26, 43, 108].”
Proofs of Space (2015, background): “Originally put forward to counteract spamming, PoWs have a vast number of different applications such as metering web-site access [22], countering denial-ofservice attacks [6,30] and many more [29].”
An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System (2011, background): “The history of transactions is shared using a peer-to-peer network and is agreed upon using a proof-of-work system [3], [4].”
The Miner's Dilemma (2014, unknown): “A more general view of fairness in proof of work schemes was discussed in 2002 by Adam Back [40] in the context of the HashCash system [41].”
Establishing Trust In Pure Ad-hoc Networks (2004, background): “10 References Back, A. (2002): Hashcash: A Denial of Service CounterMeasure, http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/back02hashcash.html Accessed 25 Aug 2003.”
Proof of Work can Work (2006, methodology): “[5] Hashcash was originally proposed as a mechanism to throttle systematic abuse of un-metered internet resources such as email, and anonymous remailers, in which the sender is required to compute a cost function and produce a string which can be used as a POW.”
Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains (2017, background): “Each node collects a number of valid transactions into a block and tries to compute a cryptographic hash of the block that meets certain constraints (based on the ideas of Hashcash [16]).”
A Survey on Essential Components of a Self-Sovereign Identity (2018, methodology): “to-peer electronic cash system [2]. By applying the concept of trustless timestamping proposed by Haber and Stornetta [3] to a decentralised setting and combining it with a chain of Proof-of-Work [4] [5] the so called Nakamoto consensus protocol was established. The computational resources invested ”
Security and Privacy on Blockchain (2019, background): “ng to ﬁnd the right nonce for the appropriate hash target; and yet it is super easy and simple to validate the hash result so that no tampering has been made. ThePoWprotocolinBitcoinextendstheHashcash[13]systemwithsomeminorimprovements. First, Bitcoin limits the rate of creating and adding new block”