Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease

By A. Fatehullah, S. Tan, Nick Barker. Nature Cell Biology, 2016

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Three-Dimensional in Vitro Cell Culture Models in Drug Discovery and Drug Repositioning (2018, methodology): “Over the past decade, the term organoid has broadened and now encompasses a variety of tissue culture techniques that result in self-organizing, self-renewing 3D cultures derived from primary tissue, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells that have a similar functionality as the tis”
Derivation of Human Trophoblast Stem Cells. (2018, positive): “We then tested several inhibitors and growth factors (Figure 1B) that are known to enhance in vitro proliferation of various epithelial stem cells (Fatehullah et al., 2016).”
Midbrain-like organoids from human pluripotent stem cells contain functional dopaminergic and neuromelanin producing neurons (2016, background): “Although 2D cell culture has proven to be a valuable method for cell-based studies, lack of the 3D environment and multiple cell types has often led to inaccurate cellular responses and failure to recapitulate important physiological features of tissue in vivo (Fatehullah et al., 2016).”