Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone

By R. Nalla, J. Kinney, R. Ritchie. Nature Materials, 2003

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Merger of structure and material in nacre and bone - Perspectives on de novo biomimetic materials (2009, background): “Other deformation and fracture mechanisms exist in bone at larger hierarchical levels, including the breaking of sacrificial bonds between mineralized fibrils, the formation of microcracks, crack bridging (via collagen fibrils arranged orthogonal to the crack), and the formation of larger plastic zo”
Micro- and Nanoscale Deformation Measurement of Surface and Internal Planes via Digital Image Correlation (2007, background): “Fracture mechanisms, for example, must be analyzed by separating the relative importance of microstructural and nanostructural hierarchy effects on critical events such as crack initiation, subsequent propagation and consequent unstable fracture [1].”
The conflicts between strength and toughness. (2011, background): “However, the principal source of toughness in bone is extrinsic and arises from crack bridging and crack deflection as a growing crack encounters the more-mineralized interfaces of the osteonal structure”