Long-term decline in white-tailed deer browse supply: can lichens and litterfall act as alternative food sources that preclude density-dependent feedbacks

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Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann's rule, and related phenomena (2011, background): “…2005), shift reproductive strategies (Simard et al. 2008), and decrease body size, while at times remaining at very high population densities despite a reduction in food availability (Kie et al. 1983, Tremblay et al. 2005, Simard et al. 2008; see Ferguson et al. 2000 and Ferguson 2002 for moose).”
Long-term effects of deer browsing: Composition, structure and productivity in a northeastern Minnesota old-growth forest (2012, background): “White-tailed deer typically only consume balsam fir under starvation conditions when other food sources are unavailable (Tremblay et al., 2005).”
Habitat Selection of a Large Herbivore at High Density and Without Predation: Trade-off between Forage and Cover? (2009, unknown): “Deer have modified the forest understory of Anticosti Island (Potvin et al. 2003; Tremblay et al. 2005) and the abundance of preferred plant species has been strongly reduced (Boucher et al. 2004).”