What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning

By Ulrich Heink, I. Kowarik. 2010

443 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Sustainable development: Our Common Future revisited (2014, background): “Using ecological footprint as an indicator for long-term ecological sustainability and the proportion of renewable energy as an indicator for intergenerational equity raises some concern (e.g., Sing et al., 2011; Gasparatos et al., 2009; Heink and Kowarik, 2010; van den Bergh and Grazi, 2010).”
Indicators in Social Life Cycle Assessment: A Review of Frameworks, Theories, and Empirical Experience (2017, background): “Since there is no overall accepted definition of the term “indicator” (Heink and Kowarik 2010), we refer to the one in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, which characterizes an indicator as an instrument that shows the existence or condition of something (Merriam-Webster 2016).”
Two roles for ecological surrogacy: Indicator surrogates and management surrogates (2016, background): “…remains despite 85 repeated critiques and attempts at standardization (e.g., Landres et al. 1988; Noss 1990; 86 McGeoch 1998; Simberloff 1998; Dale & Beyeler 2001; Niemi & McDonald 2004; Caro 2010; 87 Heink & Kowarik 2010; Pereira et al. 2013; Lindenmayer et al. 2015; Stephens et al. 2015).”
Effects of tillage and residue management on soil nematode communities in North China (2012, background): “According to the definition of bioindicators, two kinds of indicators (descriptive and evaluative) can be categorized (Heink and Kowarik, 2010).”