The relationship of gender to pain, pain behavior, and disability in osteoarthritis patients: the role of catastrophizing

By Francis J. Keefe, J. Lefebvre, J. Egert, G. Affleck, Michael J. Sullivan, D. Caldwell. Pain, 2000

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Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: a consensus report. (2007, background): “Female pain patients are more likely to catastrophize than male patients [96,101].”
Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. (2001, background): “Numerous investigations have shown that in comparison with men, women report more intense pain,(54,55) show higher rates of healthcare utilization,(56) and display more pain behavior.(37,39) Until recently, the factors responsible for gender differences in pain were largely unknown, although experim”
Gender Differences in Pain Perception: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs (2002, result): “Other indirect evidence for self-efficacy as a potential mediator of gender differences in pain perception is suggested by recent studies (Keefe et al., 2000; Sullivan et al., 2000) that have shown that catastrophizing may explain gender differences in pain.”
RELIEVING PAIN IN AMERICA: A BLUEPRINT FOR TRANSFORMING PREVENTION, CARE, EDUCATION, AND RESEARCH (2012, background): “Pain beliefs correlate with outcomes, and patients function better when they have some control, are not severely disabled, and avoid “catastrophizing” pain—that is, exaggerating its threat and believing they cannot control it (see also Chapter 1) (Keefe et al., 2000).”