GOALS: The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey

By Lee Armus, J. Mazzarella, A. Evans, J. Surace, D. Sanders, K. Iwasawa, D. Frayer, J. Howell, B. Chan, A. Petric and 23 more. 2009

307 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS ) combines data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, Chandra X-Ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) observatories, together with ground-based data, into a comprehensive imaging and spectroscopic survey of over 200 low-redshift (z < 0.088), Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs). The LIRGs are a complete subset of the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS), which comprises 629 extragalactic objects with 60 μm flux densities above 5.24 Jy, and Galactic latitudes above five degrees. The LIRGs targeted in GOALS span the full range of nuclear spectral types defined via traditional optical line-ratio diagrams (type-1 and type-2 AGN, LINERs, and starbursts) as well as interaction stages (major mergers, minor mergers, and isolated galaxies). They provide an unbiased picture of the processes responsible for enhanced infrared emission in galaxies in the local Universe. As an example of the analytic power of the multiwavelength GOALS data set, we present Spitzer, Chandra, HST, and GALEX images and spectra for the interacting system VV 340 (IRAS F14547 + 2449). The Spitzer MIPS imaging data indicates that between 80–95% of the total far-infrared emission (or about 5 × 1011 L ⊙) originates in VV 340 north. While the Spitzer IRAC colors of VV 340 north and south are consistent with star-forming galaxies, both the Spitzer IRS and Chandra ACIS data indicate the presence of an AGN in VV 340 north. The observed line fluxes, without correction for extinction, imply that the AGN accounts for less than 10%–20% of the observed infrared emission. The X-ray data are consistent with a heavily absorbed (N H ≥1024 cm-2) AGN. The GALEX far and near-UV fluxes imply a extremely large infrared “excess” (IRX) for the system (FIR/Ffuv ∼ 81) which is well above the correlation seen in starburst galaxies. Most of this excess is driven by VV 340 N, which has an IR excess of nearly 400. The VV 340 system seems to be comprised of two very different galaxies: an infrared luminous edge-on galaxy (VV 340 north) that dominates the long-wavelength emission from the system, which hosts a buried AGN; and a face-on starburst (VV 340 south) that dominates the short-wavelength emission.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

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Citations in the corpus

GOODS–Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies (2011, methodology): “1 (see Armus et al. 2009 for further details on this calculation).”
THE GREAT OBSERVATORIES ALL-SKY LIRG SURVEY: COMPARISON OF ULTRAVIOLET AND FAR-INFRARED PROPERTIES (2010, methodology): “The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009) contains a com- plete sample of low-redshift LIRGs and ULIRGs with observations across the electromagnetic spec- trum.”
A HIGHLY CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAR-FORMING “MAIN SEQUENCE” FROM z ∼ 0–6 (2014, methodology): “E11 observe IR emission from 648 LIRGs from the CE01 sample observed with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO; Kessler et al. 1996), AKARI (Murakami et al. 2007), and the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009) from 0 < z < 0.1.”
A CHANDRA PERSPECTIVE ON GALAXY-WIDE X-RAY BINARY EMISSION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH STAR FORMATION RATE AND STELLAR MASS: NEW RESULTS FROM LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2010, methodology): “…12 of the LIRGs in our sample (including 11 LIRGs with stellar mass estimates from equation 1) have been studied extensively from the far-UV to IR (including observations with bothGALEXandSpitzer) by the GOALS collaboration and have stellar mass estimates available (e.g., Armus et al. 2009; H10).”
An ALMA [C ii] Survey of 27 Quasars at z > 5.94 (2018, methodology): “Díaz-Santos et al. (2017) show that the [C II]/FIR ratio in galaxies from the GOALS sample correlates with dust temperature (parametrized based on the ratio between the dust flux densities at 63 μm and at 158 μm) and the compactness of the IR continuum emission.”
Star-formation laws in luminous infrared galaxies. New observational constraints on models (2011, background): “In addition there are mid infrared (MIR) Spitzer imaging observations for the entire sample from the GOALS sample (Armus et al. 2009).”
EXPLAINING THE [C ii]157.7 μm DEFICIT IN LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES—FIRST RESULTS FROM A HERSCHEL/PACS STUDY OF THE GOALS SAMPLE (2013, methodology): “The GOALS Sample The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009) encompasses the complete sample of 202 LIRGs and ULIRGs contained in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS; Sanders et al. 2003) which, in turn, is also a complete sample of 629 galaxies with IRAS S60µm >…”
Characterization of Scuba-2 450 μm and 850 μm selected galaxies in the COSMOS field (2013, background): “C O 2012) indicate that most star formation in bright SMGs is triggered by major mergers of gas-rich disk galaxies, similar to local (ultra-) luminous infrared galaxies, (U)LIRGs (e.g. Sanders et al. 1988; Sanders & Mirabel 1996; Armus et al. 2009; U et al. 2012).”
Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey – IX. Merger-induced AGN activity as traced by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (2014, background): “…been a number of mid-infrared studies of interacting galaxies, virtually all past studies have employed small samples of galaxies and/or have targeted the most advanced stage mergers (e.g., Genzel et al. 1998; Veilleux et al. 2009; Armus et al. 2007, 2009; Farrah et al. 2007; Petric et al. 2011).”
PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions (2017, methodology): “90 CO 1-0 detections with the IRAM 30m of z=0.002-0.09 luminous and ultra-luminous IRgalaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) from the GOALS survey (Armus et al. 2009), from the work of Gao & Solomon (2004), Gracia-Carpio et al. (2008, 2009, and priv. comm.), and Garcia-Burillo et al. (2012).”
A Herschel/PACS Far-infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies (2017, methodology): “The GOALS Sample The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009) encompasses the complete sample of 202 LIRG and ULIRG systems contained in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS; Sanders et al. 2003), which in turn is also a complete, flux-limited sample of 629 galaxies…”
C-GOALS: Chandra observations of a complete sample of luminous infrared galaxies from the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Survey (2011, methodology): “The Great Observatory All-sky LIRGs Survey (GOALS, Armus et al. 2009) is a multi-wavelength study of the most luminous infrared galaxies in the local Universe, selected from the 60 µm flux limited IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS: Sanders et al. 2003).”
A TWO-PARAMETER MODEL FOR THE INFRARED/SUBMILLIMETER/RADIO SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF GALAXIES AND ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI (2014, methodology): “The second comparative sample stems from the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (“GOALS”; Armus et al. 2009).”
Far-infrared spectral energy distribution fitting for galaxies near and far (2012, methodology): “…the handful of highz brightly lensed sources (e.g. the “cosmic eyelash,” Swinbank et al. 2010)−are from the local IRAS-selected Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS; Sanders et al. 2003), particularly the subset which form part of the Great-Origins All Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009).”
AN ATLAS OF GALAXY SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ULTRAVIOLET TO THE MID-INFRARED (2013, background): “Many of the spectra were obtained for SINGS (Kennicutt et al. 2003; Smith et al. 2007b) and Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009; U et al. 2012; Inami et al. 2013; Stierwalt et al. 2013), supplemented by other programs targeting specific galaxy types such as starbursts,…”
GALAXY-WIDE SHOCKS IN LATE-MERGER STAGE LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2011, methodology): “Systemic heliocentric velocities adjusted adjusted using the 3-attractor flow model of Mould et al. (2000) are taken from Armus et al. (2009).”
MID-INFRARED PROPERTIES OF NEARBY LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. I. SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRA FOR THE GOALS SAMPLE (2013, methodology): “The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al. 2009) represents a complete subset of the RBGS comprising 180 LIRGs and 22 ULIRGs and aims to provide a multiwavelength understanding of the formation and evolution of local LIRGs as a class of galaxy.”