Analytical methods for determining functional groups in various technical lignins

By N. Mansouri, J. Salvadó. 2007

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Structural analysis for lignin characteristics in biomass straw (2013, methodology): “Various analytical methods for determining functional groups in technical lignin have been studied, while the statistical comparison of the various analytical methods for hydroxyl groups have been found not fully comparable [148], the aminolysis and nonaqueous potentiometry are assumed to be the mos”
Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin (2015, methodology): “Phenolic hydroxyl groups were quantified using differential UV spectrophotometry by evaluating technical lignins using wavelengths at 300 and 360 nm [44].”
A Critical Review of the Physicochemical Properties of Lignosulfonates: Chemical Structure and Behavior in Aqueous Solution, at Surfaces and Interfaces (2020, methodology): “Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) can detect certain chemical bounds and functional groups in lignin, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, and sulfonic groups as well as C-C, C-O, and C=O bonds [55,61,62].”