Outcome Tests of Racial Disparities in Police Practices

By I. Ayres. 2002

154 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Health, Political Science and International Relations, Sociology and Political Science

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Citations in the corpus

Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness (2017, background): “One might similarly worry that the features x are biased in the sense that factors are not equally predictive across race groups, a phenomenon known as subgroup validity [4].”
The Problem of Infra-marginality in Outcome Tests for Discrimination (2016, background): “This simple example illustrates a subtle failure of outcome tests known as the problem of infra-marginality (Ayres, 2002), a phenomenon we discuss in detail below.”
Precinct or Prejudice? Understanding Racial Disparities in New York City's Stop-and-Frisk Policy (2016, background): “Hit rates are regularly used to assess the level of proof applied when stopping a suspect, with lower hit rates corresponding to less stringent standards (Ayres, 2002; Becker, 1993).”
The Role of Protected Class Word Lists in Bias Identification of Contextualized Word Representations (2019, methodology): “…Nikhil Garg and Zou, 2018; Kiritchenko and Mohammad, 2018; Rudinger et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018), and this could cause bias in NLP pipelines used for high stakes downstream tasks such as resume selection or bail setting algorithms (Hansen et al., 2015; Bolukbasi et al., 2016; Ayres, 2002).”
Is There Evidence of Racial Disparity in Police Use of Deadly Force? Analyses of Officer-Involved Fatal Shootings in 2015–2016 (2018, background): “There are many ways to approach the question of race bias in deadly force decisions including experiments (Correll et al., 2002), outcome tests (Ayres, 2002), and analyses that control for variables such as crime (Fryer, 2016; Nix et al., 2017; Ross, 2015), all of which move us closer to…”
Evidence of Discrimination (2012, methodology): “The objective function (1) does not reect considerations pertaining to the possibility of being scrutinized, and possibly punished, for being found guilty of bias.”
Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Setting (2019, background): “ur when sensitive attributes are not explicitly available but can be determined from other attributes [4, 33, 43]. Related discussions have focused on the phenomenon of differential subgroup validity [3], where the choice of attributes may disadvantage groups for whom the chosen attributes are not e”
Racial Bias in Bail Decisions ⇤ (2018, unknown): “[13] Ayres, Ian, “Outcome Tests of Racial Disparities in Police Practices,” Justice Research and Policy, 4 (2002), 131-142.”
The Measure and Mismeasure of Fairness: A Critical Review of Fair Machine Learning (2018, background): “Outcome tests have since been employed in a variety of domains, and are particularly popular in studies of policing (Ayres, 2002; Goel et al., 2016; Knowles et al., 2001; Pierson et al., 2018b).”
Fast Threshold Tests for Detecting Discrimination (2017, background): “Outcome tests, however, are also imperfect measures of discrimination (Ayres, 2002).”
Economics, Fairness and Algorithmic Bias (2020, unknown): “14 Ayres (2002); Simoiu et al. (2017) discuss other problems of infra-marginality in measuring bias.”
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias (2007, background): “In the context of profiling, outcome tests assume that the ex post probability that a police search will uncover drugs or other contraband is a function of the degree of probable cause that police use in deciding to stop and search a suspect (Ayres 2002a).”
Doubly Robust Internal Benchmarking and False Discovery Rates for Detecting Racial Bias in Police Stops (2009, background): “Studies have also focused on ‘‘outcomes tests’’ from police searches conducted during motor vehicle stops (Knowles, Persico, and Todd 2001; Ayres 2002; Persico 2002; Hernández-Murillo and Knowles 2004).”