Cellular automata microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways

By V. Blue, J. Adler. 2001

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Ordering in bidirectional pedestrian flows and its influence on the fundamental diagram (2011, background): “A large number of models [1]–[6] have been developed to understand the basic characteristics related to bidirectional flow including lane formation [5, 7, 8], jamming transition [2, 6, 9, 10] and fundamental diagram [11].”
Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks (2005, background): “Several models have been proposed that reproduce lane for mation; see Blue and Adler (2001), Helbing (1997), Helbing and Molnar (1997), and Hoogendoorn and Bovy (2002).”
Calibrating a social-force-based pedestrian walking model based on maximum likelihood estimation (2013, background): “Blue and Adler (2001) adopted a cellular-automata model for pedestrians, which has already proven to be a good approximation for vehicular flow on a road (Maerivoet and De Moor, 2005; Nagel, 1998; Nagel and Rasmussen, 1994).”
The flow of human crowds (2003, methodology): “Using numerical simulation, Blue & Adler (2001) have studied the motion of crowds, with possible cross-flow, with an emphasis on the detailed behavior of discrete pedestrians in a long passage.”